179 research outputs found
Transplanckian collisions at future accelerators
Scattering at transplanckian energies offers model independent tests of TeV
scale gravity. Black-hole production is one spectacular signal, though a full
calculation of the cross section is not yet available. Another signal is given
by gravitational elastic scattering, which is maybe less spectacular but which
can be nicely computed in the forward region using the eikonal approximation.
In this talk I discuss the distinctive signatures of eikonalized scattering at
future accelerators.Comment: 11 pages, 2 figures; talk given at the XXXVIIth Rencontres de
Moriond, Electroweak Interactions and Unified Theories, Les Arcs, March 9-16,
200
Zoology of condensed matter: Framids, ordinary stuff, extra-ordinary stuff
We classify condensed matter systems in terms of the spacetime symmetries
they spontaneously break. In particular, we characterize condensed matter
itself as any state in a Poincar\'e-invariant theory that spontaneously breaks
Lorentz boosts while preserving at large distances some form of spatial
translations, time-translations, and possibly spatial rotations. Surprisingly,
the simplest, most minimal system achieving this symmetry breaking
pattern---the "framid"---does not seem to be realized in Nature. Instead,
Nature usually adopts a more cumbersome strategy: that of introducing internal
translational symmetries---and possibly rotational ones---and of spontaneously
breaking them along with their space-time counterparts, while preserving
unbroken diagonal subgroups. This symmetry breaking pattern describes the
infrared dynamics of ordinary solids, fluids, superfluids, and---if they
exist---supersolids. A third, "extra-ordinary", possibility involves replacing
these internal symmetries with other symmetries that do not commute with the
Poincar\'e group, for instance the galileon symmetry, supersymmetry or gauge
symmetries. Among these options, we pick the systems based on the galileon
symmetry, the "galileids", for a more detailed study. Despite some similarity,
all different patterns produce truly distinct physical systems with different
observable properties. For instance, the low-energy scattering
amplitudes for the Goldstone excitations in the cases of framids, solids and
galileids scale respectively as , , and . Similarly the energy
momentum tensor in the ground state is "trivial" for framids (),
normal for solids () and even inhomogenous for galileids.Comment: 58 pages, 1 table, 1 free cut-and-paste project for rainy days in
Appendi
Soft Supersymmetry Breaking in Deformed Moduli Spaces, Conformal Theories, and N = 2 Yang-Mills Theory
We give a self-contained discussion of recent progress in computing the
non-perturbative effects of small non-holomorphic soft supersymmetry breaking,
including a simple new derivation of these results based on an anomaly-free
gauged U(1)_R background. We apply these results to N = 1 theories with
deformed moduli spaces and conformal fixed points. In an SU(2) theory with a
deformed moduli space, we completely determine the vacuum expectation values
and induced soft masses. We then consider the most general soft breaking of
supersymmetry in N = 2 SU(2) super-Yang-Mills theory. An N = 2 superfield
spurion analysis is used to give an elementary derivation of the relation
between the modulus and the prepotential in the effective theory. This analysis
also allows us to determine the non-perturbative effects of all soft terms
except a non-holomorphic scalar mass, away from the monopole points. We then
use an N = 1 spurion analysis to determine the effects of the most general soft
breaking, and also analyze the monopole points. We show that naive dimensional
analysis works perfectly. Also, a soft mass for the scalar in this theory
forces the theory into a free Coulomb phase.Comment: 37 pages, LaTeX2e, 4 eps figure
The Composite Twin Higgs scenario
Based on an explicit model, we propose and discuss the generic features of a
possible implementation of the Twin Higgs program in the context of composite
Higgs models. We find that the Twin Higgs quadratic divergence cancellation
argument can be uplifted to a genuine protection of the Higgs potential, based
on symmetries and selection rules, but only under certain conditions which are
not fulfilled in some of the existing models. We also find that a viable
scenario, not plagued by a massless Twin Photon, can be obtained by not gauging
the Twin Hypercharge and taking this as the only source of Twin Symmetry
breaking at a very high scale.Comment: 19 pages; v2: typos and notation corrected, results unchanged; v3:
published versio
CP Violation Beyond the Standard Model
We review CP violation in various extensions of the electroweak sector of the
Standard Model. A particular emphasis is put on supersymmetric models. We
describe the two CP problems of supersymmetry, concerning and
. We critically review the various mechanisms that have been
suggested to solve these problems: exact universality, approximate CP symmetry,
alignment, approximate universality and heavy squarks. We explain how future
measurements of CP violation will test these mechanisms. We describe extensions
of the quark sector and their implications on CP asymmetries in neutral B
decays, on the decay and on . We
discuss CP violation in charged scalar exchange in models with natural flavor
conservation and explain how transverse lepton polarization in meson decays can
probe such models. CP violation in neutral scalar exchange arises in models of
horizontal symmetries and may be manifest in heavy quark (b and t) physics. We
describe the implications of Left-Right Symmetric models on ,
, and CP asymmetries in B decays. Finally, we
briefly discuss the potential of future measurements of CP violation to
discover New Physics.Comment: 50 pages, harvmac, 1 figure. To appear in the Review Volume "Heavy
Flavours II", eds. A.J. Buras and M. Lindner, Advanced Series on Directions
in High Energy Physics, World Scientific Publishing Co., Singapor
Bounds in 4D Conformal Field Theories with Global Symmetry
We explore the constraining power of OPE associativity in 4D Conformal Field
Theory with a continuous global symmetry group. We give a general analysis of
crossing symmetry constraints in the 4-point function ,
where Phi is a primary scalar operator in a given representation R. These
constraints take the form of 'vectorial sum rules' for conformal blocks of
operators whose representations appear in R x R and R x Rbar. The coefficients
in these sum rules are related to the Fierz transformation matrices for the R x
R x Rbar x Rbar invariant tensors. We show that the number of equations is
always equal to the number of symmetry channels to be constrained. We also
analyze in detail two cases - the fundamental of SO(N) and the fundamental of
SU(N). We derive the vectorial sum rules explicitly, and use them to study the
dimension of the lowest singlet scalar in the Phi x Phi* OPE. We prove the
existence of an upper bound on the dimension of this scalar. The bound depends
on the conformal dimension of Phi and approaches 2 in the limit dim(Phi)-->1.
For several small groups, we compute the behavior of the bound at dim(Phi)>1.
We discuss implications of our bound for the Conformal Technicolor scenario of
electroweak symmetry breaking.Comment: 30 page
Gaugid inflation
The spectrum of primordial gravitational waves is one of the most robust
inflationary observables, often thought of as a direct probe of the energy
scale of inflation. We present a simple model, where the dynamics controlling
this observable is very different than in the standard paradigm of inflation.
The model is based on a peculiar finite density phase---the magnetic
gaugid---which stems from a highly non-linear effective theory of a triplet of
abelian gauge fields. The gaugid extends the notion of homogeneous isotropic
solid, in that its spectrum of fluctuations includes helicity-2 phonons. We
show how, upon implementing the gaugid to drive inflation, the helicity-2
phonon mixes with the graviton, significantly affecting the size of the
primordial tensor spectrum. The rest of the features of the theory, in
particular the vector and scalar perturbations, closely resemble those of solid
inflation.Comment: 35+8 page
Probing the Scattering of Equivalent Electroweak Bosons
We analyze the kinematic conditions under which the scattering of equivalent
massive spin-1 vector bosons factorizes out of the complete process. In
practice, we derive the conditions for the validity of the effective W
approximation, proposed long ago but never established on a firm basis. We also
present a parametric estimate of the corrections to the approximation and
explicitly check its validity in two examples.Comment: 36 pages, 14 figures, references adde
Patterns of Strong Coupling for LHC Searches
Even though the Standard Model (SM) is weakly coupled at the Fermi scale, a
new strong dynamics involving its degrees of freedom may conceivably lurk at
slightly higher energies, in the multi TeV range. Approximate symmetries
provide a structurally robust context where, within the low energy description,
the dimensionless SM couplings are weak, while the new strong dynamics
manifests itself exclusively through higher-derivative interactions. We present
an exhaustive classification of such scenarios in the form of effective field
theories, paying special attention to new classes of models where the strong
dynamics involves, along with the Higgs boson, the SM gauge bosons and/or the
fermions. The IR softness of the new dynamics suppresses its effects at LEP
energies, but deviations are in principle detectable at the LHC, even at
energies below the threshold for production of new states. Our construction
provides the so far unique structurally robust context where to motivate
several searches in Higgs physics, diboson production, or WW scattering, which
were so far poorly justified. Perhaps surprisingly, the interplay between weak
coupling, strong coupling and derivatives, which is controlled by symmetries,
can override the naive expansion in operator dimension, providing instances
where dimension-8 dominates dimension-6, well within the domain of validity of
the low energy effective theory. This result reveals the limitations of an
analysis that is both ambitiously general and restricted to dimension-6
operators.Comment: 37 pages, 1 figur
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